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Background: The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic poses a grave threat to refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs).
Fragility has become the reality in several countries of the Middle East and North Africa.
When responding to an emergency situation, ensuring safe excreta disposal is an urgent priority in the disaster relief effort.
After a series of earthquakes devastated Port-au-Prince, Haiti, on 12 January 2010, safe excreta disposal became an urgent priority.
In peri-urban Monrovia, contaminated hand-dug wells were contributing to cholera outbreaks.