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Background: The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic poses a grave threat to refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs).
Humanitarian agencies strive to provide sanitation facilities which are safe, accessible and afford users privacy and dignity.
Camps are places of refuge for people fleeing conflict and disaster, but they can be dangerous, especially for women and girls.
Dispensers are a source-based water quality intervention with promising uptake results in development contexts.
The devastating earthquake of 2005 severely damaged over 4000 water and sanitation schemes in northern Pakistan.
Children under 18 can represent 50% or more of a crisis-affected population.
The cholera epidemic in Zimbabwe between 2008-2009 also came against a backdrop of water and sanitation infrastructure issues that r