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Background: The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic poses a grave threat to refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs).
Menstrual hygiene is a vital as well as a very sensitive issue for women in reproductive ages.
The devastating earthquake of 2005 severely damaged over 4000 water and sanitation schemes in northern Pakistan.
After a series of earthquakes devastated Port-au-Prince, Haiti, on 12 January 2010, safe excreta disposal became an urgent priority.
Communicable diseases are of particular concern in conflict and disaster-affected populations that reside in camp settings.
In peri-urban Monrovia, contaminated hand-dug wells were contributing to cholera outbreaks.